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Ion beam fabrication of metastable polymorphs of Ga2O3, assisted by the controllable accumulation of the disorder in the lattice, is an interesting alternative to conventional deposition techniques. However, the adjustability of the electrical properties in such films is unexplored. In this work, we investigated two strategies for tuning the electron concentration in the ion beam created metastable κ-polymorph: adding silicon donors by ion implantation and adding hydrogen via plasma treatments. Importantly, all heat treatments were limited to ≤600 °C, set by the thermal stability of the ion beam fabricated polymorph. Under these conditions, silicon doping did not change the high resistive state caused by the iron acceptors in the initial wafer and residual defects accumulated upon the implants. Conversely, treating samples in a hydrogen plasma converted the ion beam fabricated κ-polymorph to n-type, with a net donor density in the low 1012 cm−3 range and dominating deep traps near 0.6 eV below the conduction band. The mechanism explaining this n-type conductivity change may be due to hydrogen forming shallow donor complexes with gallium vacancies and/or possibly passivating a fraction of the iron acceptors responsible for the high resistivity in the initial wafers.

 

Abstract We present a database of solar flares registered by the Konus-Wind instrument during more than 27 yr of operation, from 1994 November to now (2022 June). The constantly updated database (hereafter KW-Sun) contains over 1000 events detected in the instrument’s triggered mode and is accessible online at http://www.ioffe.ru/LEA/kwsun/ . For each flare, the database provides time-resolved energy spectra in energy range from ∼20 keV to ∼15 MeV in FITS format along with count-rate light curves in three wide-energy bands, G1 (∼20–80 keV), G2 (∼80–300 keV), and G3 (∼300–1200 keV), with high time resolution (down to 16 ms) in ASCII and IDL SAV formats. This article focuses on the instrument capabilities in the context of solar observations, the structure of the KW-Sun data, and their intended usage. The presented homogeneous data set obtained in the broad energy range with high temporal resolution during more than two full solar cycles is beneficial for both statistical and case studies as well as a source of context data for solar flare research. 

We present the results of photometric and spectroscopic monitoring campaigns of the changing look AGN NGC 2617 carried out from 2016 until 2022 and covering the wavelength range from the X-ray to the near-IR. The facilities included the telescopes of the SAI MSU, MASTER Global Robotic Net, the 2.3-m WIRO telescope, Swift, and others. We found significant variability at all wavelengths and, specifically, in the intensities and profiles of the broad Balmer lines. We measured time delays of ∼6 d (∼8 d) in the responses of the Hβ (Hα) line to continuum variations. We found the X-ray variations to correlate well with the UV and optical (with a small time delay of a few days for longer wavelengths). The K-band lagged the B band by 14 ± 4 d during the last three seasons, which is significantly shorter than the delays reported previously by the 2016 and 2017–2019 campaigns. Near-IR variability arises from two different emission regions: the outer part of the accretion disc and a more distant dust component. The HK-band variability is governed primarily by dust. The Balmer decrement of the broad-line components is inversely correlated with the UV flux. The change of the object’s type from Sy1 to Sy1.8 was recorded over a period of ∼8 yr. We interpret these changes as a combination of two factors: changes in the accretion rate and dust recovery along the line of sight.